The Pagan Origins of Christianity Essay - 4088 Words

The first part of this paper will explore the mystery-religions, the reasons behind their popularity, and the Hellenistic world in which they grew that began with Alexander the Great. Next, their characteristics and connections first with Judaism and later with Christianity will be more deeply discussed. In the second part it will be shown that the mystery-religions helped to clear the pathway for the Christianization of the Greco-Roman world by men such as Paul the Apostle. Finally, the Emperor Constantine’s role in this story will be mentioned, during whose reign the mystery-religions declined and Christianity became the major religion of Europe and the near east. The paper will conclude with a brief speculation about the significance of†¦show more content†¦After learning these mysteria, members were considered reborn or â€Å"born again.† Christianity in fact began along these lines of practice. Its most important ceremony, the Mass or Eucharist, in which t he body and blood of Christ were symbolically eaten in the forms of bread and wine, was forbidden to all but a select few who had completed three levels of initiation. Most early Christians, whether of Jewish or Gentile origin, would have been familiar the concept of mysteria. Throughout the Mediterranean world, religious communities based on this idea of secret teachings thrived. Another common element in the mystery-religions was their tendency to worship the divine on what we today would think of as a higher spiritual level than standard Greek and Roman religions did. The idea of a spiritual world as separate from the material world, first promoted by Plato, was fully adopted by the mystery-religions and provided them with a basis for belief in life after death. Conversely, ancient Greco-Roman religion and Judaism contained nothing that addressed this new concept of separate worlds. Traditional public worship in both Jewish and Gentile communities generally emphasized the material world in its requests for good crops, healthy children and success in business. Worship in a closedShow MoreRelatedEssay about Pagan Christmas788 Words   |  4 Pages25 March 2013 Mythic Dimensions of Literature â€Å"The Origins of Christmas† Christmas is a holiday celebrated by members of the religion of Christianity. The holiday acknowledges the birth of the Christian prophet Jesus Christ. It is celebrated on December 25th by an estimated two billion members of the Christian religion. The holiday is also celebrated by many non-Christians, who highlight the secular aspects of the holiday. Many of the symbols, traditions, and rituals widely attributed to ChristmasRead MoreChristianity During The Roman Empire1526 Words   |  7 PagesChristianity in Rome Religion is an important feature in most cultures throughout time. 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Archetype and Nationalism in Tolkien’s Silmarillion Free Essays

ABSTRACT This thesis demonstrates the relationship of fantasy fiction, archetypes, and nationalism in one of fantasy fiction, namely Tolkien’s The Silmarillion. Fantasy fiction, with the stereotype of escapism, is less appreciated. This thesis is written in attempt to give more appreciation to fantasy fiction. We will write a custom essay sample on Archetype and Nationalism in Tolkien’s Silmarillion or any similar topic only for you Order Now Analysis to show the relationship of fantasy fiction, archetype, and nationalism is carried out by applying archetypal approach and Frye’s concept of mythos. This analysis is aimed at determining the position of the story in Frye’s mythos taxonomy and its values. The values, then, are compared with values found in English nationalistic discourse. The result of this analysis indicates that the story of The Silmarillion can be classified as tragic mythos. However, tragedy in the Silmarillion is elaborated differently from the characteristics of the mythos suggested by Frye. Tragedy of The Silmarillion is collective in its nature. The uniqueness of tragedy in The Silmarillion is read as representation of fellowship spirit value in English nationalistic discourse. The Silmarillion also shows wisdom and historical continuity values parallel with values found English nationalistic discourse. From these values The Silmarillion shows that pastoral life with its collectivity, wisdom and tranquility as an ideal life for English people. Keywords: fantasy, archetypes, nationalism, Tolkien v ABSTRAK Tesis ini menunjukkan keterkaitan fiksi fantasi, arketipe, dan nasionalisme yang muncul di dalam salah satu karya sastra fantasi, yaitu The Silmarillion karya J. R. R . Tolkien. Fiksi fantasi, dengan stereotip sebagai fiksi yang dianggap hanya memberikan tempat untuk melarikan diri dari kenyataan dan fiksi yang lepas dari nilai-nilai realitas, kurang mendapat apresiasi yang cukup. Untuk memberikan apresiasi terhadap fiksi fantasilah tesis ini ditulis. Analisis untuk menunjukkan keterkaitan fiksi fantasi, arketipe dan nilainilai nasionalisme pertama-tama dilakukan dengan melakukan analisis plot cerita dengan menggunakan pendekatan arketipe dan teori mythos Northrop Frye. Analisis plot ini dilakukan untuk menentukan posisi cerita di dalam taksonomi mythos Frye dan nilai-nilai yang dikandungnya. Nilai-nilai ini kemudian akan dibandingkan dengan nilai-nilai yang ada dalam wacana nasionalisme Inggris (England). Dari analisis yang dilakukan terlihat bahwa cerita The Silmarillion tergolong dalam mythos tragedi. Namun, sifat tragedi dalam The Silmarillion berbeda dari ciri mythos tragedi Frye yang terkonsentrasi pada satu individu. Tragedi dalam The Silmarillion bersifat kolektif. Keunikan tragedi di dalam The Silmarillion ini dianggap mewakili nilai kebersamaan yang juga merupakan salah satu nilai keinggrisan dalam wacana nasionalisme Inggris. The Silmarillion juga menunjukkan nilai-nilai kebijaksanaan dan keberlanjutan sejarah yang di dalam wacana nasionalisme Inggris dianggap merupakan nilai-nilai yang khas Inggris. Dari nilai-nilai dalam The Silmarillion yang paralel dengan nilai-nilai dalam wacana nasionalisme Inggris tergambar bahwa kehidupan ideal Inggris adalah kehidupan pedesaan yang penuh kebersamaan, kebijaksanaan, ketenangan dan memiliki keberlanjutan sejarah. Kata kunci: fantasi, arketipe, nasionalisme, Tolkien vi How to cite Archetype and Nationalism in Tolkien’s Silmarillion, Papers

Information Leaves Huge Impact Organization-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Information Leaves Huge Impact Organization? Answer: Introducation Globalization is a method by means of which the business and the organizations obtain international support, influence and starts working with and operating in an international scale. The impact of globalization and information leaves a huge impact in the organization (Wild, Wild and Han 2014.). Convergence of technology and globalization have differed the way, the world does business. Technology has reduced the investments and costs of business-to-business transaction and globalization has helped in leading a wide array of business. Globalization helps the business and organization, as they are able to access cheaper labor and materials. With the involvement of technology in globalization the barriers of communication is reduced considerably, which favors the business processes. The information society is related to a society or people that deal with development, distribution and modification of information and is considered as an important economic, political and cultural work and activity. The tools and the machines of the information society are computers and telecommunications (Lyon 2013). In wholistic point of view, it can be said that we are not truly an information society. This is because, although in todays world, most of the people are dependent of computers and technology even for the smallest tasks, there are many people who may not have access to all the tools of information society or may not fully depend on technology for everyday work. The regulatory and legal issues that should be known are listed below- 1) Consumer Laws: The Consumer law of Australia provides regulations on illegal and unfair contact terms and guarantees consumer rights and product safety laws (Barker et al. 2012) 2) Product Liability Regulation: Australia has a national statutory framework for regulating the safe product standards. This ascertains that the harmful and unsuitable products are not marketed in Australia. 3) Environmental Legislations: The Australian Government administers the environmental protection. 4) Privacy laws: Australia has national privacy legislations, managed by the OAIC and monitors how business can access, collect and store personal information and communication. References Barker, K., Cane, P., Lunney, M. and Trindade, F., 2012.The law of torts in Australia. Oxford University Press. Lyon, D., 2013.The information society: Issues and illusions. John Wiley Sons. Wild, J.J., Wild, K.L. and Han, J.C., 2014.International business. Pearson Education Limited.

The Cosby Show American the Different Sides free essay sample

The Cowboy Show changed the stereotypical roles that were usually handed to black films and movies. Before the Cowboy Show there were shows like Sanford Son and Good Times that portrayed black in poverty. The Cowboy Show however focused on Issues that pertained to everyone with a focus on black people. They addressed Issues such as pregnancy, education, marriage, and even touched on music.The days of poor black In television and movies are gone. Watching an episode of the Cowboy Show Is an Inspiration to everyone who sees It. Being able to watch where there Is a black family not struggling to pay the rent Is rejuvenating 6th me. We have a husband who Is a doctor and a wife that Is an attorney that shows examples of what living In America Is Like from a educational point of view versus Just what a stereotypical black family life would be. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cosby Show American the Different Sides or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Cowboy Show focuses on what It Is Like to be regnant and go through labor and delivery pains in dealing with real life situations. The show also focuses on a happy married life and the problems that can arise within a family. I never knew how smooth jazz could be until I had seen an episode of the Cowboy Show. Going to college is a dream that most people try to achieve. Until I had watched the Cobs Show I was never really informed on what it would be like to go to college. I never knew there were prominent black colleges and universities. I think that being able to have a good television show that shows real life examples of life is what helps make this a great society to live in, the Cowboy Show is that show. Once in a while the show highlighted musical guest usually Jazz and blues artists. Three was an episode where B King guest starred and showed America how he helped his guitar Lucile. The Cowboy Show is an example of if you put your mind to it you can do anything, and today America knows that.

Quotes From Pioneer Physician Elizabeth Blackwell

Quotes From Pioneer Physician Elizabeth Blackwell Elizabeth Blackwell, born in Britain, was the first woman in the United States to earn a medical degree. With her sister Emily Blackwell, she founded the New York Infirmary for Women and Children and trained nurses in the American Civil War. Selected Elizabeth Blackwell Quotations For what is done or learned by one class of women becomes, by virtue of their common womanhood, the property of all women.If society will not admit of womans free development, then society must be remodeled.I must have something to engross my thoughts, some object in life which will fill this vacuum, and prevent this sad wearing away of the heart.It is not easy to be a pioneer - but oh, it is fascinating! I would not trade one moment, even the worst moment, for all the riches in the world.A blank wall of social and professional antagonism faces the woman physician that forms a situation of singular and painful loneliness, leaving her without support, respect or professional counsel.The idea of winning a doctors degree gradually assumed the aspect of a great moral struggle, and the moral fight possessed immense attraction for me.Our school education ignores, in a thousand ways, the rules of healthy development.Medicine is so broad a field, so closely interwoven with general interests , dealing as it does with all ages, sexes and classes, and yet of so personal a character in its individual appreciations, that it must be regarded as one of those great departments of work in which the cooperation of men and women is needed to fulfill all its requirements. [about a first anatomical study of the human wrist]  The beauty of the tendons and exquisite arrangements of this part of the body struck my artistic sense, and appealed to the sentiment of reverence with which this anatomical branch of study was ever afterwards invested in my mind.[quoting a professor who turned down her application to another medical school, then her comment on the quote]  You cannot expect us to furnish you with a stick to break our heads with; so revolutionary seemed the attempt of a woman to leave a subordinate position and seek to obtain a complete medical education.The admission of a woman for the first time to a complete medical education and full equality in the privileges and the responsibilities of the profession produced a widespread effect in America. The public press very generally recorded the event,  and expressed a favourable opinion of it.The clear perception of the providential call to women to take their full share in human progress has alwa ys led us to insist upon a full and identical medical education for our students. From the beginning in America, and later on in England, we have always refused to be tempted by specious offers urged upon us to be satisfied with partial or specialised instruction. Thanks be to Heaven, I am on land once more, and never do I wish again to experience that hideous nightmare - a voyage across the ocean.If I were rich I would not begin private practice, but would only experiment; as, however, I am poor, I have no choice.The longer I saw Lady Byron the more she interested me; her insight and judgment are admirable, and I never met a woman whose scientific tendencies seemed so strong.I have at last found a student in whom I can take a great deal of interest Marie Zackrzewska, a German, about twenty-six.The practice of the infirmary, both medical and surgical, was conducted entirely by women; but a board of consulting physicians, men of high standing in the profession, gave it the sanction of their names.[M]y hope rises when I find that the inner heart of a human being may remain pure, notwithstanding some corruption of the outer coverings. About These Quotes Quote collection assembled by Jone Johnson Lewis. Each quotation page in this collection and the entire collection  © Jone Johnson Lewis. This is an informal collection assembled over many years. I regret that I am not able to provide the original source if it is not listed with the quote.

ESL Lesson Plan on Countable and Uncountable Nouns

ESL Lesson Plan on Countable and Uncountable Nouns The following lesson focuses on helping intermediate to upper-intermediate students solidify their knowledge of countable and uncountable nouns and their quantifiers. It also includes a number of overlooked or idiomatic expressions to help higher level students expand their knowledge of various quantifying terms used by mother tongue speakers. Noun Quantifiers Lesson   Aim: Review and solidification of countable and uncountable noun and noun quantifiers Activity: Review discussion followed by multiple choice dialogue fill-in exercise Level: Intermediate to upper-intermediate Outline: Begin review by asking students to identify the worksheet list of objects as countable or uncountable.Activate quantifier vocabulary by asking which quantifiers can be used to modify countable and uncountable nouns. At this point, it is a good idea to write the two categories on the board for students to copy.Discuss some of the more problematic quantifiers such as the difference between a few and few, a little and little. Discuss which quantifiers can be used in the question, positive and negative forms.Have students complete the multiple choice fill in dialogue in pairs or small groups.Correct worksheet as a class.As a follow-up activity asks students to write a description of their room at home listing the various items that can be found in that room. Ask students to not use exact numbers, rather to use quantifiers. Countable and Uncountable - Noun Quantifiers Identify the following objects as countable or uncountable information, rules, sheep, money, learning, rice, bottles of wine, equipment, traffic, stone, stones, talent, web sites, clothes, music, deserts, land, nations, peoples, fish, pollution, understanding, RAM, artworks, orders, food Choose the correct answers in the following dialogue CHRIS: Hi! What are you up to?PETE: Oh, Im just looking for ( A) many ( B) some ( C) any antiques at this sale.CHRIS: Have you found ( A) something ( B) anything ( C) nothing yet?PETE: Well, there seems to be ( A) a few ( B) few ( C) little things of interest. It really is a shame.CHRIS: I cant believe that. Im sure you can find ( A) a thing ( B) something ( C) anything interesting if you look in ( A) all ( B) each ( C) some stall.PETE: Youre probably right. Its just that there are ( A) a few ( B) a lot ( C) a lot of collectors and they ( A) every ( B) each ( C) all seem to be set on finding ( A) a thing ( B) anything ( C) much of value. Its so stressful competing with them!CHRIS: How ( A) many ( B) much ( C) few antique types of furniture do you think there is?PETE: Oh, Id say there must be ( A) many ( B) several ( C) much pieces. However, only ( A) a few ( B) few ( C) little are really worth ( A) the high ( B) a high ( C) high prices they are asking.CHRIS: Why dont you take a break ? Would you like to have ( A) any ( B) some ( C) little coffee? PETE: Sure, Id love to have ( A) any ( B) little ( C) one. I could use ( A) some ( B) a few ( C) a little minutes of downtime.CHRIS: Great, Lets go over there. There are ( A) a few ( B) some ( C) little seats left. Answer Key Identify the following objects as countable or uncountable information UNCOUNTABLE, rules COUNTABLE, sheep COUNTABLE, money UNCOUNTABLE, learning UNCOUNTABLE, rice UNCOUNTABLE, bottles of wine COUNTABLE, equipment UNCOUNTABLE, traffic UNCOUNTABLE, stone UNCOUNTABLE, stones COUNTABLE, talent UNCOUNTABLE,  web sites  COUNTABLE, clothes UNCOUNTABLE, music UNCOUNTABLE, deserts COUNTABLE, land UNCOUNTABLE, nations COUNTABLE, peoples COUNTABLE, fish COUNTABLE, pollution UNCOUNTABLE, understanding UNCOUNTABLE, RAM COUNTABLE,  artworks  COUNTABLE, orders COUNTABLE, food UNCOUNTABLE Choose the correct answers in the following dialogue CHRIS: Hi! What are you up to?PETE: Oh, Im just looking for  some  antiques at this sale.CHRIS: Have you found  anything  yet?PETE: Well, there  seems to be  few  things of interest. It really is a shame.CHRIS: I cant believe that. Im sure you can find  something  interesting if you look in  each  stall.PETE: Youre probably right. Its just that there are  a lot of  collectors and they  all  seem to be set on finding  anything  of value. Its so stressful competing with them!CHRIS: How  much  antique furniture do you think there is?PETE: Oh, Id say there must be  several  pieces. However, only  a few  are really worth  the high  prices they are asking.CHRIS: Why dont you take a break? Would you like to have  some  coffee?PETE: Sure, Id love to have  one. I could use  a few  minutes  of downtime.CHRIS: Great, Lets go over there. There are  a few little  seats left.

Article Review and Critique Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Review and Critique - Article Example Prior to the presentation of the different skills of Franklin, Uldrich presented the different accomplishments in different fields and disciplines (Uldrich, 2005, p.31). According to the article, Benjamin Franklin is a businessman, a scientist, a politician, a diplomat and Founding Father of the American Society. As a businessman, he was able to build and establish the first printing and newspaper chain of businesses in the different American colonies at a young age. He was also the author of the first best seller Poor Richard’s Almanac (p.31). He was also a great civil servant and politician who improved a number of public services and policies. One of the unparalleled achievements that he has was being a politician who participated in the creation and implementation of the founding policies of the American society specifically during the time of the Revolution. ... The first leadership skill presented is the ‘importance of continuous education’ in the success of a person as exhibited in the life of Benjamin Franklin. Through the course of his life, he is continuously learning and exploring different fields. This is a characteristic of a good leader since a leader must be very aware of the different issues and knowledge which can affect the group and can help him in the decisions he needs to undertake in every step of the way towards achievement of his perceived goals. He is self thought leader who was able to explore the different fields important to thrive in the society which includes the political, diplomatic, social and economic aspects of the American and international society. Franklin was an ultimate example of a human being hungry for knowledge (p.32). The author made an important decision of highlighting the said characteristic of Franklin since education is an essential tool in a person’s success but it is not limi ted to formal education. The entrepreneurial skill of Benjamin Franklin was the next leadership skill discussed by Uldrich. Although the business is one of the most important fields where Franklin excelled in, it cannot be considered as the second most essential in all his skills. One explanation that can be perceived in the authors chronology in discussion is the time he undertook each quest. Education started since Franklin’s childhood and continued on through his different careers and his life. His prowess in business occurred as a young man. The author presented and proven Franklin’s leadership skills through the presentation of his achievements as a business man. In addition, entrepreneurial risk taking

How the Treaty of Versailles Created More International Conflict after Research Paper

How the Treaty of Versailles Created More International Conflict after World War II than It Resolved - Research Paper Example The Treaty of Versailles failed to resolve the primary causes of World War I and created problems and conflicts across the globe after the completion of the treaty. Examining the meanings behind the treaty and the associations which were incorporated with the history which it carried then led to changes and alterations with the political regime of the time. Roots of Conflict The approach to the Treaty of Versailles began with the need for Eastern Europe, Western Europe and the USA to reach an agreement to end the war. The goal was to create an end to the war while establishing peace among the different regions. The roots of the conflict began when the U.S. Senate failed to ratify the Versailles treaty. This was established with Woodrow Wilson who had the power to amend the treaty and alter the considerations that were required in developing a different approach to secure the end of the war. The failure to take the responsibility was not only established from the US Senate but also ca me from conflicts that were based on internal debates. Isolationists and divisions between political parties were not interested in the issues which were conveyed through the treaty and did not believe there was the correct establishment or development. The failure then came from the lack of establishment of what the treaty could have established to bring peace to the different regions of Europe (Boemake et al, 1998). The conflicts which took place with the lack of establishing the Treaty of Versailles led to world conflicts. The complexities of those who did not follow or establish the treaty led to a mixed message to various countries about the ideologies of the treaty. Without the establishment of peace after the war, a cognitive illusion was established. This was based on the inability to understand why the treaty would not be supported by different regions of the world while the political conflicts reflected the complexities of the war instead of ending the problem. The global repercussions led to divisions among various countries as well as framing of various countries from the illusion that there was disagreement among those which were associated with the treaty. The inability to establish the system from the treaty and the disregard then led to further conflict, tension and devastation, eventually leading to the beginning of World War II (Bottom, 2003). Preliminary Issues The issues which were associated with the root problems were inclusive of the pressures which were developed across political arenas. There were sets of domestic pressures that were first established, all which were developed specifically because of problems and disagreements about the specific treaty. This was combined with civilians that began to reflect the disassociations with the government through civilian losses and communities were not able to create and establish peace outside of the main problems. This was combined with the destruction of World War I that came from the lack of agreement. The political tensions that were established developed pressures and alliances as well as ties. This furthered to form enemies among those that were a part of the various regions (Krause, 2001). The political and social tensions that were established led to disconnections and re-establishment with the earlier conflicts which occurred. The earlier treaties which were accepted and rejected had formatted personal enemies and opponents politically

Project on Haleeb Milk Essay Example for Free

Project on Haleeb Milk Essay Dairy Queen Milk is a product of Haleeb Foods. Haleeb Foods is a largest company in Pakistan’s dairy industry. Haleeb Foods is one of the organization competing in the UHT Milk industry. There is a big room for development in dairy industry in Pakistan. UHT milk although costly but people know about the milk importance and its quality. Now, there are many products are available in the market regarding UHT milk but Haleeb found that there is a gap between upper class and lower class, so, Haleeb decided to introduce lower price milk with best quality and UHT treated milk for those whom can not afford high price milk. Dairy Queen is Haleeb another standardized and homogenized pure UHT Milk with 3. 5% fat and 8. 9% solid non fats. At an affordable price it has won the hearts of consumers everywhere. It is available in 6-layered Tetra Pak Fino Packaging, introduced for the first time in Pakistan and has 2 months shelf life. Government of Pakistan is now focusing on dairy industry. RD department of Haleeb Foods is continuous watching the market trend and the development in dairy industry. Strategy of the dairy queen is to provide UHT milk for those whom cannot afford high price milk and capture the share of the market. Dairy queen milk has no competitor in terms of actual condition of the packaging and price. So, we can say that there is no strategic group of dairy queen milk. It is unique product available in the market with its low price positioning. Government polices makes it easy to enter in this market but technology, availability of raw milk, and process makes it difficult for the up coming companies in this industry. Although, middle and lower class is the target market of the dairy queen but its quality and packaging attract the upper class as well. UHT treated milk is dependent on the production of the healthy animals and availability of raw milk. As the competition is concerned, there are many companies in the particular industry and they are competing with each other with price, positioning, packaging and availability. This is time of advertising because when customer knows about your product then he will be welling to purchase that product. Haleeb Foods Limited has hired Red Communication Arts as their new advertising agency which will be handling the following accounts: 1. BEVERAGES: Haleeb Good Day, Haleeb Funday, Tropico, Tropico Nectar, Candia, Candy Up, Haleeb Labban 2. Corporate account. Now, mostly companies are using these tools to promote their products and image as well. Total share of packed milk is 4% and 96% is for loss milk. Turnover of Haleeb is 9. 2 billon. Haleeb Rashmi is also providing profit to the company because this is low cost product and it has its own packaging. It’s daily sale is 11000 litter per day. As market share is concern, Haleeb got 44% last year, Nestle 43%, Good Milk 4. 5% and Norpur 10% last year. So, Competitor of Haleeb is Nestle because there nick to nick competition. Nestle has long rang product line as compare to Haleeb. When we talk about the gaps there is a gap in the implementation gap in strategies. Availability gape and awareness gape is still there and now company is going to eliminate these gapes. As we know that industry growth rate is 25% in the dairy industry. Now, the company’s focus is on the gross profit and company is doing the things to increase the gross profit. The cities which are very important in terms of sale share are Multan, Sahiwal, Fasil Abad, Gujranwala, and Rawalpindi. These cities are providing 60% to 70% sales of Haleeb. There are some problem from the customer side and distributor side. Dairy Queen has fino packaging and its shape is not convenient for the customer. It has three lair packaging so, leakage problem is from the distributor side. Now, the best strategy is penetration in maximum household and increase the awareness of the brand. This will be possible through activities and promotions. Tactical advertising will be best for the promotional activities of the Dairy Queen. ENVIRONMENT OF DAIRY INDUSTRY INTRODUCTION Dairy farming is an agro-based activity, buffaloes and cows can be raised for milk production in an organized manner for commercial purpose. For this project, animals can be purchased from the animal markets or breeders in Sahiwal, Sheikhupura, Faisalabad. More than 70 percent farmers hold less than 5 acres of land. Dairy farming may prove a profitable business for small landholders. They can also grow fodder on their land to feed dairy animals, without disturbing the main crop. Dairy farming is one of the best projects if professionally done on small land holdings. The return of the land used for feeding animals is higher as compared to land used for traditional cropping. The economical size of the herd is 50 animals, which will grow into 180 animals within a few years. Cows are also proposed in the herd, as they are high yields and efficient converters of feed into milk. This herd would consist of 75 percent buffaloes and 25 percent cows. A cow, on average, yields 14 litters milk a day over a lactation period of 305 days whereas the buffalo, on an average, yields 10 litters a day over a lactation period of 280 days. Pakistan is the fifth largest milk producer in the world. Milk production is 28 million tonnes from 125 million heads. Milk is used for drinking, tea, desi ghee, yogurt and butter making. Milk is also used to make Khoya and different types of sweets. Milk processing companies use milk as a raw material to formulate different types of milk for example pasteurized milk, UHT milk, condensed milk, skimmed milk, milk powder, etc. Different value added products like yogurt, ice cream, butter and cheese are also produced from the raw milk. The daily consumption of milk in Lahore is 2 to 3 million litters and that of Karachi is 4 million litters. The demand for processed milk has increased its share in quality conscious consumers. During the last two decades, processed milk has achieved 4 percent share in the milk market of Lahore, which is growing to about 4. 5 percent per annum. Therefore, metropolitan cities are the major markets for the sale of milk. With the every passing day, dairy products are becoming costlier because live stock farming has not scientifically grown with the increase in population and also it did not match with the pace of urbanization. Recently, milk prices in Karachi increased without any reason. In a short time of two years, milk prices have gone up from Rs 20 per liter to Rs 25, showing a 25 percent increase. Moreover, meat prices have also risen to about 25 percent in the last six months. In such a situation, the only way to control prices is to develop the dairy industry on scientific lines, which will not only provide meat and milk in abundant quantities to the domestic consumers but extra quantities can also be exported. In spite of having a large population of livestock, the country is spending some $40 million annually on the import of formula milk only, which is the highest amount spent by any country in the world on this particular commodity. Currently, there are some 160 varieties of infant formula milk available in the markets. â€Å"The milk processing companies have reduced supply of their tetra pack milk products in the domestic market for last couple of weeks in an apparent bid to increase the prices of processed milk on the pretext of short supply. According to market sources, milk-processing companies working in formal sector including Nestle, Haleeb, Dairy Queen, Pakola, Olper, and Good Milk had increased prices of their milk products on September 15, 2005 from Rs34 per litter to Rs35 per kg. Later on, these companies raised processed milk rates on February 6, 2006 from Rs35 to Rs36 per litter in retail market. â€Å"It was the second consecutive upward revision in prices by these companies in a short span of four months,† General Secretary Karachi Retail Grocers’ Group Fareed Qureshi told The News. â€Å"There is no autonomous authority or effective institution in the country to protect rights of consumers and to check frequent and unjustified price hike of different commodities. Neither Monopoly Control Authority (MCA) now renamed as Competition Authority nor local governments took stringent measures against hoarders, adulterators and profiteers to safeguard the interest of consumers,† a consumer said. Some three months back fresh milk sellers increased prices from Rs28 per litters to Rs30 per litter at retail and Rs26 to Rs28 per litter at wholesale level despite repeated warnings by the City District Government Karachi (CDGK), who fixed official rates of fresh milk at Rs26 at wholesale and Rs28 per litter at retail. A market source said in the past whenever these companies increased prices of their products they curtailed their supplies as a first step and then increased prices. Though Pakistan is the fifth largest milk producer in the world producing around 28 billion litres of milk annually, it is still importing milk powder and condensed milk. Out of total production only 5 percent milk is processed on hygienic lines whereas shelf life of the remaining 95 percent un-processed milk is very short and due to unavailability of proper storage facilities most of milk produced goes waste. Government has allocated around Rs230 million for development of dairy industry in fiscal budget 2006-07. The sector has been allowed duty free import of dairy and livestock-related machinery and equipment (not manufactured locally). Moreover dairy sector has been exempted from sales tax besides of withholding tax. In order to reduce the cost of packaging of dairy products, the duty on imports of raw materials and intermediary goods used in the manufacture of packaging material has been reduced to 5 percent. † DAIRY INDUSTRY ISSUES â€Å"LAHORE: Experts and representatives of leading players from private sector addressed various issues pertaining to dairy industry at a seminar on Dairy Farming for Profit here on Monday. The seminar was organized by the Pakistan Dairy Development Company, commonly known as Dairy Pakistan and Pakistan Initiative for Strategy Development and Competitiveness (PISDAC), a project for private sector development in Pakistan, funded by USAID. Speaking on the occasion, Anthony Christiansen, the CEO of Dairy Pakistan, said that Pakistan is the third largest producer of milk in the world with a total production of 32 billion liters of milk a year. This makes its value even higher than the combined value for wheat and cotton. To boost this vital sector, he added, a number of initiatives are underway, including milk collection and chilling projects, Joint Milk Collection Pilot Projects, research and capacity building and many more. He further said, We are also working on safety standards, dairy sector research work and strategy development by evaluating the significance of the sector in terms of contribution to GDP, employment and importance to serve as a vehicle to alleviate poverty especially among the rural population. He informed the audience that these initiatives were being taken in line with the recommendations of a Strategy Working Group (SWG), which was constituted by Federal Minister for Industries, Production and Special Initiatives, Jahangir Khan Tareen, to develop Diary Sector Development Strategy. Faisal Farooq, Chairman Dairy Pakistan, highlighting various milk-marketing options, said that to improve the dairy sector, we are emphasising on close coordination with key stakeholders across the dairy value chain as well as with partners from educational institutions, government and private sector. The Head of Agriculture Wing, Bank of Punjab, Moazzam Maneka briefed the participants on the financing tools and options available for the dairy and agriculture sector. The dairy farming experts and representatives of many leading players from private sectors also spoke on the occasion and discussed at length the issues related to the dairy industry including, milk marketing options and potential for dairy farming on a larger scale. Dr M Ashraf from Nestle Pakistan enlightened the audience on issues relating to animal health, farm layouts and shed designs and other speakers emphasised that dairy farming could be very profitable if full attention was paid to important factors such as employment of skilled farm management, high quality feed and breeding cows with high production capabilities. The seminar ended at a positive note with high hopes for the development and growth of the Pakistan’s dairy sector. † INDUSTRY DEFINITION BROAD DEFINITION When we look into milk industry as a broad definition, this industry operates in a fashion where raw milk is distributed in two main streams. ? Open ? Packaged This open milk is further distributed and transferred to different areas, which include the same area of production, households, urban and rural areas. Packaged milk is further processed through different types of processing techniques to produce different categories of packaged milk that will be categorized and defined in our narrow definition of milk industry. NARROW DEFINITION. Focusing towards our main industry and closing down our definition more narrow, we see that packaged milk being broken down to different categories starting from UHT milk, pasteurized milk, poly-pack milk, bottled milk, etc. Therefore, the industry which we have taken in narrow definition is packed UHT milk. UHT means Ultra Heat Treatment. In this process the milk passes through 140 degree centigrade in 3 seconds and then immediately cooled to 20 degree centigrade in the next 5 seconds, which in turn kills all the bacteria. This is the most sophisticated and advanced process in the world. At Haleeb Foods Limited we use the indirect method of UHT meaning that milk is heated by steam passing through stainless steel pipes outside milk. All other brands in Pakistan use the direct method of heating that is by injecting steam in the milk, this adds water content in the milk, where as indirect heating in fact evaporates water from the milk. PRODUCT COMPONENT MODEL CORE The core product or benefit is milk associating energy and health for all ages of people, men and women. BASIC Basic product is something that is sterilized and pure to use, so we can say that UHT treated milk is a basic form of our core product. As its containing the factor of purity and safe ingredients with preserved milk quality and features. AUGMENTED UHT milk is now coming with different flavors for the kids, then it has also been augmented through different packaging that are being used by different companies, trying to get potential out of UHT milk market. POTENTIAL MARKET UHT treated milk can be given with some extra hygienic ingredients such as nuts and other energetic ingredients to make it more hygienic and healthy to use product. FLOW OF MILK CHANNELS HALEEB FOODS COMPANY PROFILE. Building an excellent reputation over the years, Haleeb Foods continues to be at the forefront of product and packaging innovation. By the grace of God, it has achieved market leadership in several food categories with a very strong portfolio, consisting of leading national and international brands – Haleeb, Candia, Dairy Queen, Tea Max, Skimz, Tropico and Good Day. Apart from its extensive nationwide distribution networks, Haleeb Foods is also serving several export markets including South Korea, Bangladesh, Afghanistan and the Central Asian states. Haleeb Foods has the distinction of being the first company in Pakistan to use Tetra Pak’s novel packaging formats, Tetra Brick Aspetic (TBA) and Tetra Fino Aseptic (TFA). Haleeb Foods has also introduced a number of unique products previously unknown to the Pakistani market, like Haleeb Labban, delicious traditional lassi (buttermilk) prepared with pure thick milk and yogurt, Candia Tea Max, cardamom flavored tea whitener, Candia milk, packed in distinctive food grade plastic bottle, and Haleeb Good Day, 100% pure and natural fruit juice, free of added sugar, artificial flavors and preservatives. All this and more makes Haleeb Foods Pakistan’s number 1 and fastest growing packaged food company. As of fiscal 2005, its annual turnover is Rs. 7. 2 billion. INTERNATIONAL CERTIFICATIONS Haleeb Foods’ products are made with great care, and marked with our quality seal of recognition. We are the only dairy company in Pakistan that undertakes 21 rigorous quality control tests on every portion of the milk collected by our teams. These internationally recognized tests are used to check for: a) adulteration, b) microbiological contamination and c) adequacy of nutritional contents. All processes, from preparation to quality assurance to packaging, are undertaken employing state-of-the-art technology and equipment. Therefore, we take great pride in the fact that Haleeb Foods is the only food company in Pakistan that has the following international certifications of quality and prestige: HACCP (in process controls for safer products) ISO 9002 (better quality for greater customer satisfaction) ISO 14000 (environment-friendly operations) COMPANY’S MISSION STATEMENT. Build Branded food business to improve quality of life by offering tasty, affordable and highly nutritional products to our consumers while maximizing stake holders value COMPANY’S VISON STATEMENT Most Innovative and fastest growing food company offering products enjoyed in every home every day COMPANY’S VALUES ? Enterprise ? Empowerment ? Accountability ? Trust ? Teamwork PRODUCT LINE DAIRY PRODUCTS HALEEB BUTTER Haleeb Butter is the best natural source of Vitamins A D for everyone, and by far the ideal way of starting yet another busy day. It is rich in its taste and revitalizes your energy for a long tiresome day. Shipping Units ? 20g pack: 300 packs/carton ? 50g pack: 120 packs/carton ? 100g pack: 60 packs/carton ? 200g pack: 30 packs/carton ? 1000g pack: 1 pack/carton HALEEB ASLI DESI GHEE Haleeb Asli Desi Ghee is obtained from pure milk through the traditional procedure of heating butter slowly. Haleeb Asli Desi Ghee is free from all artificial ingredients, it has pure and natural taste and is nutritionally preserved. Shipping Units ? 0. 5 kg pouch: 10 packs/carton ? 1 kg pouch: 5 packs/carton? 1 kg tin: 6 tins/carton ? 5 kg tin: 2 tins/carton ? 16 kg tin: 1 tin/carton HALEEB CREAM The premium cream processed hygienically from pure fresh milk, Haleeb Cream is luxuriously rich in its thickness and nutritional value. It promises the richest assortment of tempting toppings, delicious desserts and creamiest coffee with its unique taste, also great for eating with bread etc. Packed in 6-layered Tetra Pack Brick Aseptic packaging. 6 months shelf life. Shipping Units ? 250 ml: 27 packs/shrink-wrapped tray ? 65 ml mini pack: 24 packs/dispenser ? 6 dispensers/carton HALEEB YOGURT. Haleeb Plain Yogurt meets the highest quality standards and gives consumers unmatched quality, freshness and taste with every spoonful. Offered in 450g, 200g and 900g packing, with a freshness seal that keeps the product attributes fresh throughout its life. Shipping Units ? Plain Yogurt 450 gm: 12 Units/Tray ? Plain Yogurt 200 gm: 24 Units/Tray ? Raita 250 gm: 24 Units/Tray HALEEB TEA MAX In tune with the Haleeb Foods tradition of providing consumers high quality and value added products, Haleeb Tea Max is the ideal choice for all tea and coffee lovers. Tea Max is special milk that provides a rich taste in your beverage. It is also available in the unique and delicious cardamom flavor, packed in a 6-layered Tetra Pack Brick Aseptic packaging. Shipping Units ? 200 ml (plain) pack: 27 packs/carton ? 200 ml (cardamom) pack: 27 packs/carton HALEEB CREAM (with honey) Haleeb Cream with Honey is an exclusive treat: delicious thick cream fortified with the goodness of pure honey, making a tempting spread on bread. Enjoy it anytime and exude energy and freshness whole day long. It is packed in a 6-layered Tetra Pak Brick Aseptic packaging. Shipping Units ? 65 ml mini pack: 24 packs/dispenser ? 200 ml: 24 packs/tray. UHT MILK HALEEB MILK Consumers everywhere know that only Haleeb Milk makes the best tea ever because of its thickness. Haleeb is pasteurized, homogenized, and standardized pure UHT milk of the highest standard with 3. 5% fats and 8. 9% solid non fats. It is Haleeb Foods premier brand, and the choice of quality-conscious consumers who only go for the best. Packed in easy to open, 6-layered Tetra Pak Brick Aseptic packaging, it comes with a 3 months shelf life. Shipping Units ? 1000 ml: 12 packs/carton ? 500 ml: 12 packs/shrink-wrapped tray ? 250 ml: 27 packs/shrink-wrapped tray. DAIRY QUEEN Dairy Queen is Haleeb another standardized and homogenized pure UHT Milk with 3. 5% fat and 8. 9% solid non fats. At an affordable price it has won the hearts of consumers everywhere. It is available in 6-layered Tetra Pak Fino Packaging, introduced for the first time in Pakistan and has 2 months shelf life. Shipping Units ? 250 ml: 24 pouches per carton ? 500 ml: 16 pouches per carton ? 1000 ml: 9 pouches per carton CANDIA Candia is Europes Number One selling milk. Haleeb Foods Limited and Candia of France have joined hands to bring you the highest quality milk. Candia is pasteurized, homogenized, standardized, double sterilized milk. This not only ensures the highest quality, but also the best taste ever. For the first time in Pakistan, Haleeb Foods Limited has introduced milk packed in food grade plastic bottles. These bottles are manufactured from imported materials at Haleeb Foods latest plant and guarantee longer shelf life, highest quality and storage with ease of use. Shipping Units ? 250 ml Bottle: 12 bottles/carton ? 1000 ml Bottle: 12 bottles/carton CANDIA CLASSIC Classic times ask for Classic tea, a product by Europe? s No. 1 brand Candia. Its richness and taste is bound to add more life to your cup, and it is an ideal choice for real tea drinkers. Shipping Units ? 1000 ml: 12 bottles per case ? 500 ml: 12 bottles per case CANDIA SKIMZ Candia Skimz is the only completely fat-free milk with the richness of pure milk. Minus fats, it is an ideal choice for weight-watchers and heart patients. It is also high in calcium content, which prevents osteoporosis. Packed in a 6-layered Tetra Pack Brick Aseptic packaging, it comes with a 3 months shelf life. Shipping Units ? 200 ml: 12 packs/carton ? 250 ml: 27 packs/shrink-wrapped tray. SKIMZ Skimz is a fat-free milk powder, naturally low in cholesterol; yet high in proteins and calcium. There are mainly two types of milk powders, full cream and skimmed. SKIMZ is a skimmed milk powder. Full cream powder contains 28% fat, whereas SKIMZ contains less than 1% fat. Moreover, the protein and calcium content is higher in SKIMZ as compared to full cream milk powder. It is best suited for weight conscious people as well as those trying to maintain a low cholesterol level. Shipping Units ? 200 g: 12 skillets/shrink-wrapped tray ? 500 g: 12 skillets/carton CANDY UP. With the backup of Candia, Candy Up has been launched especially for flavored milk drinkers, in chocolate strawberry flavors to the sheer deli ght of children. The fact that it comes in a bottle makes up for convenient usage as well. Shipping Units ? 500 ml: 12 bottles per carton HALEEB GOLD Haleeb Gold The Thickest Milk with Extra Cream. This marvelous product provides all the benefits of the Thickest Milk along with the natural goodness of extra cream. Haleeb Gold with its extra rich creamy taste makes a perfect cup of Tea. It enhances your performance and helps to maintain a healthy, dynamic lifestyle. Shipping Units ? 1000 ml: 12 packs/carton ? 500 ml: 12 packs/tray ? 250 ml: 27 packs/tray HALEEB RESHMI PACK Haleeb Reshmi pack is long life packaged milk and offers consumers premium quality milk at an attractive price. Due to its multi-layered packaging material, Reshmi pack not only retains the natural thickness of milk for a longer time, but also protects the milk from light, heat and bacteria. Shipping Units ? 250ml : 5 liters ? 1000ml: 6 liters JUICES HALEEB FUNDAY Haleeb Funday is a delicious juice drink especially for kids, enriched with calcium, and vitamins A, C D. An exciting treat, packed with health and a great taste, Funday juices will surely be an instant success with kids with their unique and amusing names, Aamonka (mango) and Arrochee (peach and lychee). They are packed in a 6-layered Tetra Pack Brick Aseptic packaging. Shipping Units ? 200ml Pack: 36 Packs /Carton Shrink wrap units ? 200ml Pack: 27 Packs/Carton HALEEB GOOD DAY Haleeb Good Day offers consumers a range of 100% pure juices with the essence of four fruits in each glass, without any added sugar, flavors or preservatives. For consumption absolutely anywhere and anytime, Good Days?six premium juices (apple, pineapple, red grape, mango, orange, and mixed fruit) give you the absolute delight in taste, and revitalizes you at the same time. It is packed in a 6-layered Tetra Pack Brick Aseptic packaging. Shipping Units ? 250 ml Pack: 27 Packs/Cartons ? 1000 ml Pack: 12 Packs/Carton TROPICO JUICE DRINK With the quality assurance of Haleeb Foods, Tropico is the premium juice drink, superior in taste and pulp contents, for that invigorating fruity refreshment. Tropico is available in three flavors: apple, mango, and mix fruit, packed in a 6-layered Tetra Pack Brick Aseptic packaging. Shipping Units ? 1000ml Pack: 12 Packs/Carton ? 250 ml pack: 36 packs/carton ? 250ml Pack: 27 Packs/Cartons HALEEB LABBAN Lassi is an age-old traditional beverage in the South Asian continent. Haleeb Labban aims to give its consumers the same satisfying traditional taste of thick lassi, along with hygiene, convenience and accessibility. Haleeb Labban is the only ready to drink packaged lassi available in Pakistan. It is available in salty and sweetened variants, packed in a 6-layered Tetra Pack Brick Aseptic packaging. Shipping Units ? 250 ml pack: 27 packs/carton? 1000 ml pack: 12 packs/carton TROPICO NECTAR Juices play an important role in the functioning of our body, have many benefits associated with them, and help you achieve the desired healthy way of life. Tropico nectar is another product from the house of Haleeb Foods Limited, which is 100% pure nectar, available in four sumptous flavors including Red Blood Orange Kinoo, Mango, Apple and Kinoo. Haleeb Tropico is also the only brand that is offering Red Blood Ornage Kinoo Juice that is so deliciously different that you will want to have it in your house, all year long. Shipping Units? 250ml : 27 Packs/Carton ? 1 Ltr : 12 Packs/Carton BULK PRODUCTS CDL also produces bulk dairy products. Bulk Products Avaiable ? Instant Full Cream milk powder (IFCMP) ? Full Cream Milk Powder ? Skimmed Milk Powder ? Instant Skimmed Milk Powder (ISMP) ? Cream ? Ghee ? Butter SITUATION ANALYSIS DAIRY QUEEN MILK Dairy queen milk has developed a strong position in terms of UHT treated milk in the industry. Even being a new entrant and serving for just about few years in this industry still Dairy queen milk managed to obtain a strong position along with its other some competitors. The product being offered by all competitors is same (talking with respect to basic ingredient and contents), there is not much difference of offering in the product among the companies. Yet there has been some difference offered through the packaging of the product. As it is always important to have a good marketing plan to get itself into market and to grow in your own strategic group, thus for Dairy queen milk it is important to have a marketing plan that can help it retain its current market and also to help it grow gradually in the industry. Now, Dairy queen milk is become lowest price milk in the market with 6-layered Tetra Pak Fino Packaging. Dairy queen milk covers those consumers whom are not able to purchase the high price milk with best quality, low price, and best milk. MARKET DEMOGRAPHICS AGE As milk is a product that contains health and hygienic features so there is no particular age distinction to be differentiated. So Dairy queen milk is for everyone who loves to be healthy and who cares for the health needs. But still it is used in different age groups with some differences, like children and older people are recommended as a growth ingredient and something that gives a concept of strength and in middle age people it’s used in tea mostly. GENDER UHT treated milk by Dairy queen milk is meant for both the genders with no particular distinction. EDUCATION Being a product involving some technological issues to make it more fresh and hygienic, more educated people are using this product rather than uneducated. Also with the passage of time, we see an improvement in its usage. FINANCIAL BACKGROUND. UHT treated milk is an expensive product in terms of regular milk, so it is more in use of middle and upper class of people. But as it is available at various places , people from different financial backgrounds are using it according to their needs and requirements. FAMILY TRENDS As its being used in middle class mostly, and its penetrating downwards with time and with price issues being adjusted accordingly. But using UHT treated milk is a more of higher or upper level trends in milk industry and has been initiated with upper class. MARKET NEEDS UHT treated milk is something that is homogenized, standardized and is toned at 3. 5% FAT level. So its just maintained at a standard level of milk to give the same quality and diet that originally milk contains. SELECTION UHT treated milk by Dairy queen milk is available in ? liter litter packaging. ACCESSIBILITY Dairy queen milk is available at many stores, and is within reach of customer easily. So, Dairy queen milk has tried its best to provide its customers with the product by making it available within their reach. PEST ANALYSIS POLITICAL Dairy Sector in the Policy Context: â€Å"The planners in Pakistan have always been more concerned about development of the crop sector than dairying in the agriculture economy of the country. After in dependence, the livestock population in Pakistan significantly deteriorated due to good stock was taken away by evacuees, indiscriminate slaughter of animals by incoming refugees, dry cows and buffaloes brought from rural areas by milk dealers for supply of milk in urban areas were slaughtered at the end of lactation period, and increased demand for meat due to growth of population and incomes. Urban areas faced acute shortage of milk and dairy products. The planners faced a policy dilemma of how to increase draught power and milk production simultaneously. Efforts were made to improve stock of cattle by breeding of indigenous animals, but output of improved stocks was inadequate to make a dent on the dwindling supplies of improved cattle and buffaloes in the country. The First Five Year Plan (1955-60) recognizes the importance of improving breeding centers, operating more hospitals, dispensaries and mobile dispensaries to check spread of contagious diseases for animals, in addition to providing for research on increasing supplies of feeds and fodders, and starting pilot schemes for artificial insemination for improvement of cattle [Government of Pakistan (1957)]. The First Plan was very specific in removing gujar (a cast of milkmen) colonies from cities like Lahore to outskirts and in recommending milk supply schemes for Karachi and Lahore on a pilot basis. Under the scheme government was to buy milk from gawalas (milkmen) residing in gujar colonies and supply pasteurized milk in sealed bottles through registered milk depots. To reduce adulteration in milk, the Plan recommended testing of milk for purity. The Plan also suggested that most of the milk would be produced in villages near the cities where small farmers would specialize in dairying by keeping half dozen or more cows, produce their own feed and organize them selves in to cooperatives for assembling, transport and even processing of milk. Soon it became clear that the First Plan, which articulated the problems at hand quite well proved to be too ambitious in their implementation as compared to the Plan target. The question of how to improve milk production capacity remained un-addressed even in the Second Five Year Plan (1960-65), which experien.

Analysis of the Enzyme Sucrase for Optimum Temperature, pH, and Concent

Analysis of the Enzyme Sucrase for Optimum Temperature, pH, and Concentration ABSTRACT Enzymes react differently under different conditions and concentrations, being the most productive at the enzymes specific optimum condition and concentration. The enzyme sucrase, extracted from yeast, breaks down the complex sugar sucrose into the simple sugar glucose. Testing for sucrase’s optimum environment, multiple reactions were ran using varying amounts and concentrations of sucrose and sucrase at different pHs and temperatures. The product was then treated with Benedicts solution to visually observe what amount of glucose was present after the reaction was ran; negative results being little to no glucose present and positive results being glucose present. The varying levels of colors created by the Benedicts test were recorded as 1 (negative) blue; 2 green; 3 yellow; 4 (positive) orange; and 5 (positive) red. After running the reactions to determine the optimum temperature and pH, 37 degrees Celsius was determined to be the optimum temperature while pH 2.0 was determi ned to be the optimum pH. This means that under these conditions the enzyme will help produce the most product from the substrate. After finding the optimum conditions the two different concentrations of sucrose were ran for ten minuets taking an initial sample and then subsequent samples every minuet, under those conditions, one concentration at 2.5% sucrose and again at 10% sucrose. The 10% sucrose had the most positive results because there were sufficient active sites to bind with most of the sucrose present producing glucose more efficiently than the 2.5% sucrose. As with the 2.5% sucrose all of the sucrose was bond to the active sites of sucrase and there were ... ...ty Benedict test results. One of these possibilities or some combination can lead to inaccurate optimum temperature and or pH, which in turn would through off the optimum concentration. Over all I feel that the most important part of the optimum environment is the pH because of the competitive inhibition caused by free protons in solution. WORKS CITED Halverson, K. M. and B. A., Barry. 2003. Sucrose and glycerol effects on photosystem 2. Biophysical Journal 85: 1317 Lawrence, S., M. K. Heidemann and D. O. Straney. 2006. Biological Sciences 111L Laboratory Manual. Hayden-McNeil Publishing, Inc., Plymouth Peluffo, D. R.. 2004. Effect of ADP on NA+-NA+ Exchange Reaction Kinetics of Na,K-ATPase. Biophysical Journal 87: 883 Shaevitz, J. W., S. M. Block, and M.J. Schnitzer. 2005. Statistical Kinetics of Macromolecular Dynamics. Biophysical Journal 89: 2277

Customer Needs and Expectations

Here at Travel Weekly one of the representatives at Virgin Atlantic have honoured us by writing an article about ‘A day as a representative' Lets see what Kaye Goodwin from Virgin Atlantic has to say! In a day of a representative at Virgin Atlantic I have to look at how these needs are identified and I must cover: Customer requests in writing Customer requests to representatives of organisations verbally (face to face or telephone) Recognition of unstated needs Customer type one: FamiliesIf a family was too put in a request in writing, because they may have young children, they could possibly write their requests to me in an email because of convenience and time. For example: a mother and father of two young children will not have time to come into the travel agents to sit down and tell me what type of holiday they would like. Therefore by sending me an email with the requests they would like, it would save a lot of time, and I can look up all of the information for them and re spond back to them via email.Customer type two: Couples If a young couple would like to go on a short break or a holiday, they would come into the travel agent and sit down with me too tell me where they would like to go and what type of holiday they would like. For example: a young couple from Central London would like to book a holiday for early December. They come into the travel agent and sit down with me and tell me what type of holiday they would like. After looking up and discussing different holidays, they would make a decision and hopefully book the holiday.If they would like more time to think about it, I would give them a few broachers to take home with them while they thought about it. Customer type two: Elderly couple An elderly couple are most likely to come into the travel agents and sit down with me to discuss the holiday they would like to go on. After discussing a few holidays, I would recommend a holiday. E. g. I would say ‘there is a lovely villa in Spain t hat is on offer at the moment that is about half a mile away from the beach. If one of the couples were to say that they have been to Spain before and it was too hot, or that their partner was not able to walk very far, that would be known as a recognition of unstated needs, meaning that they would like to go to a destination that is at a cooler climate or they would like to stay in accommodation closer to the beach. Customer type four: Disabled People that have a disability can communicate with me in any way, i. e. face to face, via email or on the telephone.If a customer was to call me and ask for information on different holidays but said that they were disabled, I would realise that this would mean they would be a unstated need, and they would need special assistance. For example if a lady who wanted to book a holiday and was blind or visually impaired, I would know that they would need maps or signs to be put up in Brail and raised floors so they know when they are too close to a swimming pool. Task 2b – explain how travel and recognition of their needs.Tourism organisations meet and exceed customer expectations using examples from companies in the travel and tourism industry that you have researched. When our company (VA) recognise customer needs, the customers can be face for face with one of our representatives, have an online chat with one of our representatives or write their requests too us. We meet customer needs by making sure that all of the flights operate on time, airline staff are always available for assistance and always make sure that customers are kept up to date with important information such as flight times, flight delays and check in times.The way that we meet these needs are by keeping staff updated with information, regular announcements for customers at the airports and making sure that landings/take off are planned properly to avoid delays if possible. Task 2c – analyse how travel and tourism organisations meet and ex ceed the customer needs and expectations through the recognition of their needs. You should expand the links between needs, identification of needs and being able to meet and exceed customers expectations. Here at Virgin Atlantic, we identify and meet customer needs through customer survey questionnaires/ comment cards and customer forums/focus groups.When the survey questionnaires or comment cards have been read by a member for our staff, usually the customer service manager, they then analyse all of the comments to find areas of improvement in order to meet customer needs. For example, if a number of customers have complained about staff not knowing obvious information i. e. directions around the airport, prices of products or check in times, that would tell us that our staff are unequipped to help our customers. From this, we will then need to realise and work our a way to get more information into our staff in order to meet the needs of our customers more efficiently.This can be done in many ways, however the most ideal one for this situation would be to hold regular morning/afternoon meetings to keep staff updated with information. When we exceed customer expectations, we like to go that extra mile by giving out customers more in-depth information. An example of this would be when a customer asks simply the time of their flight, we like to make sure that our staff will fully inform our customers of their flight time, boarding time, gate number and if there will be any delays.At the Martime Museum (NMM) they meet and exceed customers expectations by making sure that the company works like clock work. All of the staff are given a two day induction and then on-going training pro grammes are offered to all staff. All staff are fully trained and new members of staff are teamed up with an experienced team member to meet all of the customers needs. At NMM there are customer comment cards, customer surveys and focus groups to ensure that the organization knows wh at their customers want and if there are any complaints being made.For an example if the museum had a number of complaints about staff not having enough product knowledge/information i. e. background history of the area they were working in, that would tell the managers/owners that their staff are unequipped to help their customers. From this information, they work their way to getting more knowledge into their staff. This can be done in so many ways but the most effective way would be to give the staff more training and hold meetings regularly o make sure that they have acceptable knowledge to be working with the customers.

Administering Desktop Clients

Course number CIS 293, Administering Desktop Clients, emphasizes Windows client administration tasks in a network-based environment. Topics discussed include installation and configuration of desktop clients, user management, resource management and security.These topics are the subject of a number of Microsoft Certified exams I have taken, all of which have training and experience requirements attached. I believe that my training and experience as a Microsoft Certified Professional, including the Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator and Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer endorsements, is an exceptional demonstration of my competence in the topics covered in CIS 293.The Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator (MCSA) certification, which I achieved in 2005, included two exams, as well as credit for previous exams I had taken. The first, Managing and Maintaining a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment for an MCSA Certified on Windows 2000 (Exam number 70-292), included mos t of the topics included in CIS 293.The second exam, Planning, Implementing and Maintaining a Windows Server 2003 Environment (Exam number 70-296), also covered the content of CIS 293. Previous knowledge of administering desktop clients was included in the tests and training taken to achieve my MCP and MCSE certifications.In addition to the exams required for the MCSA certification, I was also required to have live experience administering Windows 2000 or 2003 in a medium to large scale networked environment.The first exam for my MCSA certification, Managing and Maintaining a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment, was an updated exam available because I had previously achieved the Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer (MCSE) certification on Windows 2000.In order to be eligible for the exam, I was required to have experience administering client and network operations in a medium to large-scale computing environment of 250 or more users, including responsibility for network servi ces, messaging, email and print services, proxy servers, firewall, Internet and intranet connectivity, and client computer management, as well as remote user connectivity.This exam covered areas such as administering user, computers and group accounts in a Windows 2003 Active Directory-based environment, using the Group Management Console to enforce group policies, resource and security management, Terminal Services, and Software Update Services.User management training for the exam included learning how to create and modify user accounts, singly and in groups; change passwords; and use Active Directory to manage users. Additionally, the exam covered use of the Group Management Console, a Group Policy tool that allows for easy management of user groups.Resource management training included discussion of NTFS file permissions and ways to change the owner of a file or directory; it also included such tasks as creating and using security templates and using security templates to config ure NTFS file permissions and using the Security Configuration and Analysis utility to audit and correct current security settings.Terminal Services configuration and control was also included in the MCSA certification exams. The training included such tasks as using Remote Desktop Client to troubleshoot user problems and using Software Update Services to keep all clients on a network up to date and functioning properly.The exam Planning, Implementing and Maintaining a Windows Server 2003 Environment covered a number of areas included in CIS 293. A substantial portion of this exam consisted of learning to plan, implement and troubleshoot User and Group policies.It also included such client administration duties as Active Directory planning, execution and maintenance, and design of an authentication strategy including such possibilities as a SmartCard reader. Security monitoring, certificates and public key infrastructure design were also discussed.My certification as a Microsoft Cer tified System Administrator indicates experience in administering desktop clients that is both broad and deep, encompassing all aspects of system administration, including those listed in the course description as well as many more.I have training and experience configuring and using desktop clients, remote troubleshooting using Remote Desktop Client as well as using other Terminal Services tools, using Active Directory and other methods to create and modify users and user groups, using the Group Management Console to create and maintain groups, administering resources and designing and implementing security policies and many other client-based administration tasks as well.On the strength of my multiple Microsoft Certifications, as well as the training, experience and knowledge required to gain these certifications, I believe that I should receive credit for the course CIS 293: Administering Desktop Clients.

Fixed Mindset Will Destroy More Than Your Wardrobe

Fixed Mindset Will Destroy More Than Your Wardrobe Everyones Talking About Fixed Mindset vs. Growth Mindset On Saturday I went to an expo for Lu La Roe, a women’s fashion company that sells dresses, skirts, and leggings at home parties and online. I hadn’t been planning to go, mind you. I was actually headed to a different event – but something told me I should wander in and explore. I didn’t realize I was about to get a lesson in fixed vs. growth mindset – a topic that seems to be popping up everywhere in my life lately. First, there was a conversation at the Wright Foundation on what keeps us from training people to be better than we are. Then, fixed vs. growth mindset arose as the main focus of the ActionCOACH workday I attended on Friday. The next day, I was not surprised to see an article posted via LinkedIn by Susan Howington, My Best Career Advice to You, extolling the virtues of a growth mindset. Fixed mindset, just as it sounds, is a stuck frame of mind that will keep us exactly where we are. It tells us there are no options, that things won’t work, that we can’t do it or learn new things. People living in a fixed mindset are rarely the type of leaders we look up to or who triumph over adversity. They are more likely to be the people complaining. With a growth mindset, in contrast, we see possibilities. We know we can grow and change. We keep getting better and taking risks. People with a growth mindset are open to the ideas other people have for them. It is satisfying to contribute to them. Growth Mindset for My Wardrobe Back to Lu La Roe. I walked into the exhibition hall and my brain immediately told me I would not fit into anything there. I am 4’10† and when I looked at some of the XS tops and they looked huge to me. Instead of keeping my opinion to myself, I said to one of the vendors, â€Å"It seems like there aren’t a lot of things here that would fit me.† That was my first good move. I recognized my fixed mindset and voiced it. The woman immediately called over reinforcements, â€Å"Hey Tiffany! This lady thinks there’s nothing here that will fit her!† Tiffany pulled a dress from her rack and began to show me how wrong I was. Soon, not only was I trying on dresses, but I was learning how to MAKE them fit me! There’s a trick that worked on the first dress, bunching it up from underneath and tying it with a hair band to create a nice diagonal look. And another method worked on a dress that I initially saw as way too long (it was as tall as I am)! I was so excited to have gotten past my fixed mindset that I bought three items from this miracle worker, plus one from another vendor she referred me to. It was pretty easy to get past my fixed mindset about clothing. And it was fun! Creating a Growth Mindset Everywhere Will blasting through my fixed mindset about certain things in my business be as easy? I have some challenges I’m facing and I’ve been pretty hopeless about some of them. But my coaches have helped me see some possibilities there too. In fact, the email you may have received from me today about my college essay price increase came out of one of those conversations. To help understand fixed mindset, I invite you to watch this video clip from Facing the Giants: Brock’s coach literally had to blindfold him to get him past his fixed mindset so that he could not see his own perceived limits. And since Brock was a leader on the team, once he broke through his fixed mindset, his team could break through theirs as well. Note: Brock did not get past his limiting beliefs by himself, as many of us fool ourselves into believing we can do. He needed his coach to believe what he did not believe, just like I needed Tiffany and the coaches at ActionCOACH to get me past some of my stuck thoughts. I have a lot more work to do, and I know I will have to keep stretching my comfort zone. This week I’m taking new actions on my business, including reaching out to executive recruiters and past leads. As for my new Lu La Roe friend, we are talking about going shoe shopping together. Believe it or not, I have a fixed mindset about how I can’t wear dresses in the winter because I wear orthotics and don’t have decent shoes to wear with dresses. I’m ready to have that thinking blown out of the water too. Where do you see you have a fixed mindset that you want to shift? Please share in the comments! 🙂 Log in to Reply Carol says: June 20, 2017 at 9:40 am Thank you for this great article Brenda. It came just when I needed to hear it. I am a writer and am 61 years old. I work part-time for a wonderful nonprofit, but Im struggling to make ends meet. I know I view my age as a big limitation regarding work. I like your idea of receiving coaching as I tend to try to do everything on my own. Any ideas of where I can find low-cost coaching options? I live about an hour north of San Francisco. Than you. Log in to Reply Brenda Bernstein says: June 20, 2017 at 12:42 pm Thanks so much Carol. Im glad my article was so helpful! You might look for coaches trained through the Coaches Training Institute (CTI). Sometimes new coaches have lower rates. For career coaching, I would recommend contacting Thea Kelley! https://www.linkedin.com/in/theakelley/ Log in to Reply Susan Thomson says: June 20, 2017 at 9:44 am I am a work in progress on this! Its been an interesting journey to seek out opinions that are different than mine, question my fixed beliefs about how I invest my time and even how I see other people. Carol Dwecks book MINDSET has helped a lot on self-awareness. Log in to Reply Brenda Bernstein says: June 20, 2017 at 12:40 pm We are all works in progress right? Otherwise wed be in a fixed mindset! Thanks for the book recommendation, and for inspiring this blog!! Log in to Reply Dolores Priegnitz says: June 21, 2017 at 4:49 pm Excellent advice thanks for sharing. I will practice a growth mindset as I pursue new learning opportunities. Log in to Reply Brenda Bernstein says: June 21, 2017 at 5:05 pm Great Dolores! Make sure to have a coach its hard to keep a growth mindset when youre relying on your own mind :-). Log in to Reply

Being Independent

Most people like to believe that they are independent-free of a pack, their own person, unswayable by peer pressure. Is this actually true? Some philosophers and sociologists actually believe that there is wisdom in crowds and that many people are guided through life by a sense of wanting to belong. So which is actually true? How many times have you heard the sentence Im an individual, just like everybody else! Or My friends and I are all individuals. We just agree a lot. The fact of the matter is that most people seek out a crowd or a tribe of like minded people to belong to. The sentence Im an individual just like everybody else is just about as popular as the idea that no man is an island. When it comes to independence, many people try to strike a balance. In America, children and adults alike seek out like minded individuals to form alliances with. These friendships and relationships are based on a common philosophy or ideology and while this sameness is the reason for the bond, the individual parties struggle to retain their individual independence. This can often lead to a sociological kind of nomad-ness as people drift from group to group trying to find the best fit for themselves. Politically speaking, independence is what happens when a new nation is formed and declares itself free of the laws and rules of the country that it used to belong to. The United States declared its Independence from England a couple of centuries ago, Bolivia declared its independence form the Ottoman Empire-the list of independence declarations is as long as history itself. Much like individuals, nations that declare their independence immediately try to model their rules and regulations upon other models that they admire. They build themselves up while searching for other nations to form allegiances with-nations that they can trade with, fight with and, ultimately, live with in harmony. Even in a broad sense, the need to belong and forge relationships wins out over complete independence. There is not one nation that does not interact with the rest of the globe in at least a few capacities. The truth of the matter is that political independence is starting to slowly become less important. While each nation wants to retain an individual identity, thanks to things like global trade and the free exchange of ideas, the relationships between nations are getting tighter. Many people call this the shrinking of the world as individual nations give up their independence to be a part of the global community. In conclusion, it looks like true independence isnt true at all. Independence is declared in a number of degrees-a need to retain ones individual sense of self while still belonging to a group. Nobody wants to be left alone completely. Even those who say that they are more comfortable spending time alone still have a few relationships that they rely on. For more information on independence, visit  http://

Aliens exist Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Aliens exist - Research Paper Example Hence the survival of the fittest phenomena led to the birth of human beings who are supposed to be the perfect specie on the face of this earth. Human beings also known as Homo sapiens created civilizations which are still known to the whole world. As time passed by it was discovered that the planet in which we live is known as the earth and there is a whole galaxy outside. Gradually it also became known that other planets existed in this world. Now the question arose in the mind of human beings that if other planets could exist in the galaxy then it was also quite possible that other forms of life also existed besides the Homo sapiens. Other forms of life on planets other than Earth were given the name of aliens. However it is yet to be proved that aliens do really exist or not. On this issue there has been a large debate going on in this world and several organizations have been formed to report any unusual activity which might be performed by powers outside this world. This argum entative essay would present the arguments from both sides regarding the existence of aliens and would provide a conclusion which would judge as to if the aliens do really exist or not (Caldwell 2005; Murray 2009; Brockwell 2008). It has been reported that many unusual activities have taken place in this world which might be influenced by power residing outside this world. Many individuals have faced these unusual activities and report these activities to the relevant organizations. Some individuals put forward the claim that they have been abducted by the aliens while some put forward the claim that they had sighted a UFO near their house. However these findings have yet not provided a solid proof regarding the existence of the aliens. Brockwell on this issue provides with rather interesting information regarding the existence of aliens. According to Brockwell in 1966 a space shuttle was sent to generate electricity by the earth’s magnetic field. This

4 short questions for 4 movies Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

4 short questions for 4 movies - Movie Review Example When Yuddy met Li Zhen, he said that they were one-minute friends from that moment. Moreover, Yuddy and his women perceive time unequally, whereas â€Å"love-drug wears off† (Dargis) for him quickly, the women remain fixated at those moments that they spent together and cannot let their feelings go. 3. In a coming-of-age movie of 1957, when a new Chinese society formed, searches of Ge Lan for her biological mother and rejection by her might symbolizes giving up the old way of living and transition to the new stage. According to Lee, â€Å"Kailing can be a symbol of the New Chinese Woman only if she doesn’t have a low-class family history to haunt her†. This means that Ge Lan as a daughter of the West-oriented debonair adoptive parents cannot fit in the society, where her real mother lives. 4. Asia the Invincible is a character, who underwent castration to master martial arts. Therefore, the character might intertwine androgyny (actually, even some gender confusion) and great power to show the genderless nature of power. However, in the course of action, one can see Briggite Lin’s character evolve into a female aggressive warrior (Thomas). Depiction of Asia the Invincible as a fierce transgender woman seems to be paralleled to birth of destructive power similar to Kali’s in Hindu

Reaction Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Reaction Paper - Essay Example Einstein then concludes that scientific discovery invokes a high-leveled religious awareness that is above the religion that other people understand (Letters, p. 1). After reading the letter, I imagined a persuasive, sensitive, and informed communicator. He uses a neutral and impersonal approach to judge the scientists’ idea about religion. He does not criticize opinions of the scientists. He also does not directly agree with them but says that the scientists’ opinions on religion do not agree with that of the common people. The scientists however know that religious power is present. This idea is true because scientists have not succeeded in explaining all occurrences. The failure therefore shows that there are some forces, beyond scientific knowledge, and the scientists know it. I also liked his neutral approach that is sensitive to the children who are still immature in thinking. This is because he succeeds to eliminating possible dilemma that could disturb the children’s

Patterns of Inheritence in Drosophila Melanogaster

Patterns of Inheritence in Drosophila Melanogaster The Fruit Flies of Melanogaster Introduction:    Many simple patterns of inheritance follow the laws of Mendel. Dominant traits will always be expressed when present, and recessive traits will only be expressed when two recessive alleles are present. When crossing a pure homozygous dominant trait with a pure homozygous recessive trait as the P generation, it is expected that all the offspring in the F1 generation will express the dominant trait, since every offspring will receive one copy of the dominant allele from one parent and one copy of the recessive allele from the other. In the F2 generation, the expected outcome will be a 3:1 phenotypic ratio of dominant to recessive, and a 1:2:1 genotypic ratio of homozygous dominant to heterozygous to homozygous recessive (Campbell et al. 268). This simple inheritance pattern explains many of the inheritance phenomena exhibited in nature, but some inheritance patterns go beyond Mendel’s laws of genetics. In incomplete dominance, neither allele is dominant over the other so the outcome is a blend of both traits. In codominance, both traits are expressed separately. In mitochondrial inheritance, all offspring will receive specific genes from the mother. In X-linked recessive traits, the alleles are located on the X chromosome, and these conditions frequently appear in males because they only have one copy of the X chromosome (â€Å"Inheritance Patterns†). When the exact inheritance pattern is unknown in a cross, the ratios of each type of offspring help to determine if the inheritance pattern follows Mendel’s laws or if it is one of the above varieties. In fruit flies, the red and brown genes for eye color are located on autosomes. However, a mutation on the white gene in fruit flies on the X chromosome prevents any eye color from developing at all (â€Å"The Genetics of Eye Color†). The gene for white eye color is epistatic to the red and white eye genes. This is how fruit flies are able to have three different eye colors when the white mutation is not present, there will be a simple inheritance pattern between red and sepia eyes. When the mutation is present, the red or sepia eyes will not be expressed because they will be masked behind the white mutation. Drosophila melanogaster were used in this procedure because they reproduce very quickly and are easily manageable. All their food and water needs are taken care of by the substance called media in the bottom of the vial. They are a convenient size because they are not too big, but they are small enough to easily distinguish traits under a microscope (â€Å"The Fruit Fly and Genetics†). The life cycle of the flies begins as eggs. From the eggs emerge the larvae, which look like tiny worms. The larvae grow through three stages until they reach the pupal stage. The pupae mature and darken in color for three to four days until they break forth from the pupal case to become adult flies (â€Å"Development†). In this experiment, three crosses were performed between different varieties of the fruit fly Drosophila Melanogaster. Cross 1 was between a sepia eyed female and a wild type male, Cross 2 was between a white eyed female and a wild type male, and Cross 3 was between a red eyed, vestigial winged female with a sepia eyed, normal winged male. In Cross 1, a simple pattern of Mendel’s laws is predicted to be expressed. Wild type flies with red eyes is the dominant phenotype over sepia colored eyes. Sepia colored eyes are a result from a recessive gene, and only result when two sepia-eyed flies mate or when two heterozygous flies mate. Furthermore, sepia colored eyes is not dependent on the sex of the fly, so in the case of this cross all flies in the F1 generation should have red eyes, but be carriers for the sepia colored eye trait. In the F2 generation when the heterozygous flies mate, the predicted phenotypic ratio will be 3:1, where for every three red eyed flies there would be one sepia colored fly. The related genotypic ratio of homozygous dominant to heterozygous to homozygous recessive will be 1:2:1. Our hypothesis for Cross 1 is if there are no mutations and the cross follows Mendel’s laws of independent assortment, then the ratio of red to sepia eyed flies will be 3:1 for the F2 generation. In cross 2, sex linked inheritance plays a role. The mutation for white colored eyes is X-linked recessive. When the white eyed female is crossed with a red eyed male, all the males in the F1 generation should exhibit the mutation, and all the females should have red eyes. This is because the males can only accept a recessive allele from the mother and the Y chromosome from the father which does not carry the mutation for white eye color. The females will receive the red gene from the father’s X chromosome which will cover the white gene from the mother. The F2 generation produced by the white eyed male and heterozygous female will thus have a genotypic ratio of 1:1:1:1. Therefore, our hypothesis for Cross 2 for the F2 generation is that if the gene for the white eye mutation is located on the X chromosome, then the phenotypic ratio will be 1:1:1:1 if sex is considered. In cross 3, the focus shifted from just looking at eye colors to looking at eye colors and wing type. The fruit flies could either have normal wings or exhibit vestigial wings, which are shortened. Flies with vestigial wings have a defect in their vestigial gene located on the second chromosome. So, a dihybrid cross will be used to determine the predicted phenotypes and genotypes of the F1 and F2 generation. A dihybrid cross uses two traits with two alleles each, and so two different aspects of an organism are crossed. Vestigial wings are a recessive trait, so two recessive alleles must be inherited in order to express the trait. This is also the case with sepia colored eyes. So when a parent generation of a red eyed vestigial winged female is crossed with a sepia eyed normal winged male, all of the offspring in the F1 generation should have red eyes and normal wings. The F2 generation, however, are produced by heterozygotes and thus four phenotypes should be seen: red eyed normal, s epia normal, sepia vestigial, and red eyed vestigial. Therefore, our hypothesis for the F2 generation in Cross 3 is that if both traits follow Mendel’s laws of independent assortment for the dihybrid cross, then the predicted phenotypic ratio will be 9:3:3:1. Methodology: Materials used include: Vials Microscopes Fly nap and anesthesia wand Paint brushes Fly food Fly netting Cotton plugs Plain white index card Procedure: First, prepare vials for the fruit flies to live in. Obtain three glass vials, and estimate a few centimeters of Carolina Instant Drosophila Medium in each. After, put a few drops of water in the culture and let it sit a few minutes to soak in the medium. At this point, also put in a fly net. Obtain F1 flies from instructor for the three crosses. Check the vials for life. The flies need to be alive for active breeding purposes. However, ensure that there are no F2 larvae yet, as this could be misleading for the results. Check the food for moisture, and add water with a pipet if the food gets too dry. Anesthetize the fruit flies. Put the vials of flies upside down in the refrigerator, as this forces the flies into a state of inactivity. After approximately ten minutes, take the vials out and transport each of the three tubes (for the separate three crosses) into three different vials. Mark the three vials with tape for either cross 1, cross 2, or cross 3. Tap the flies into the new vials, and close it with a cotton plug with an anesthesia wand connected to it soaked in Flynap. Wait a few minutes for the flies to stop moving or flying to begin the next procedure. Shake the fruit flies onto a white index card and place the card under the dissecting microscope. Use the paintbrush to move the flies to the center of the viewing field in order to sex them and view them for the desired traits. Record the data in the data tables. Males have a solid black abdomen and sex combs on their forelegs, while females have a striped abdomen and no sex combs. Additionally, females are generally larger than males[1]. After recording the data for the flies, place them in the morgue. Record F1 data for three days, or until F2 larvae are seen. Repeat the above procedure using the same vials, but this time using only F2 flies. Record data for three days. Set the extra flies free, and clean out all the vials thoroughly. Results: Cross 1 Punnett square: Cross between heterozygous male and heterozygous female for eye color Table 1: Lab Group data for Cross 1 Fasdfasdasdffasdfasdf Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Total Red M 3 2 55 60 Red F 4 1 58 63 Sepia M 0 0 6 6 Sepia F 0 0 4 4 Fasdfasdasdffasdfasdf Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Total Red M 2 3 1 6 Red F 3 2 0 5 Sepia M 0 0 0 0 Sepia F 2 0 0 2 Chi Square Analysis for Lab Group Data for Cross 1 Expected Totals: Red:  ¾ x x/13 = 9.75 red (11-9.75)^2/9.75 = 1.160 Sepia:  ¼ x x/13 = 3.25 sepia (2-3.25)^2/(3.25) = .481 ∑=1.641 Degrees of Freedom: 1 .20 > p > .10 Accept the null hypothesis Table 2: AP Bio 2015 Class Data for Cross 1 Fasdfasdasdffasdfasdf Pd 8 Pd 6 Total Red M 39 58 97 Red F 46 64 110 Sepia M 12 7 19 Sepia F 11 4 15 F2 sex 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 total RED M M 19 13 8 35 44 21 6 8 36 48 22 260 RED F F 37 12 12 38 51 36 5 4 36 50 29 310 SEPIA M M 4 3 5 12 10 6 0 3 5 12 6 66 SEPIA F F 5 5 3 16 13 7 2 1 13 14 9 88 Chi Square Analysis for AP Bio Group Data for Cross 1: Expected Totals: Red:  ¾ x x/724 = 543 (570-543)^2/543 = 1.343 Sepia:  ¼ x x/724 = 181 (154-181)^2/181 = 4.028 ∑= 5.371 .01 > p > .001 Reject the null hypothesis Cross 2: Punnett Square: Cross between heterozygous red eyed female and hemizygous white eyed male Table 3: Lab Group Data for Cross 2      F1 day 1 day 2 day 3 total RED M 0 0 15 15 RED F 24 1 32 57 WHITE M 24 3 10 37 WHITE F 0 0 13 13 F2 day 1 day 2 day 3 total RED M 8 3 0 11 RED F 9 6 1 16 WHITE M 7 1 0 8 WHITE F 6 3 1 10 Chi Square Analysis for Lab Group Data for Cross 2 Expected Totals: Red M: 1/4 x x/45 = 11.25 (11-11.25)^2/11.25 = .006 Red F: 1/4 x x/45 = 11.25 (16-11.25)^2/11.25 = 2.01 White M: 1/4 x x/45 = 11.25 (8-11.25)^2/11.25 = .939 White F: 1/4 x x/45 = 11.25 (10-11.25)^2/11.25 = .139 ∑= 3.094 Degrees of freedom: 3 0.50 > p > .30 Accept the null hypothesis Table 4: AP Bio 2015 Class Data for Cross 2 F1 1 2 total RED M 60 15 75 RED F 87 58 145 WHITE M 50 35 85 WHITE F 10 13 23 F2 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 10 11 total RED M 24 23 22 8 11 23 38 9 23 211 RED F 25 30 38 7 16 14 42 16 14 231 WHITE M 18 27 20 9 8 11 13 17 21 162 WHITE F 20 23 24 11 10 11 12 11 24 176 Chi Square Analysis for AP Bio Class Data for Cross 2: Expected Totals: Red M: 1/4 x x/780 = 195 (211-195)^2/195 = 1.312 Red F: 1/4 x x/780 = 195 (231-195)^2/195 = 6.646 White M: 1/4 x x/780 = 195 (162-195)^2/195 = 5.585 White F: 1/4 x x/780 = 195 (176-195)^2/195 = 1.851 ∑=15.394 Degrees of freedom: 3 p > .001 Reject the null hypothesis Cross 3: Punnett Square: Cross between two flies heterozygous for both red eyes and normal wings Table 5: Lab Group Data for Cross 3 F1 sex day 2 day 3 total RED / NORMAL M 6 16 40 RED / NORMAL F 12 17 62 RED / VESTIGAL M 0 0 0 RED / VESTIGAL F 0 0 0 SEPIA / NORMAL M 0 5 5 SEPIA / NORMAL F 0 1 1 SEPIA / VESTIGAL M 0 0 0 SEPIA / VESTIGAL F 0 0 0 F2 sex day 1 day 2 day 3 RED / NORMAL M 12 7 2 RED / NORMAL F 13 13 10 RED / VESTIGAL M 1 2 0 RED / VESTIGAL F 3 3 1 SEPIA / NORMAL M 8 4 1 SEPIA / NORMAL F 4 3 4 SEPIA / VESTIGAL M 0 0 0 SEPIA / VESTIGAL F 1 0 1 Chi Square Analysis for Lab Group Data for Cross 3 Expected Totals: Red normal: 9/16 x x/93 = 52.313 (57-52.313)^2/52.313 = .420 Sepia normal: 3/16 x x/93 = 17.438 (24-17.438)^2/17.438 = 2.470 Red vestigial: 3/16 x x/93 = 17.438 (10-17.438)^2/17.438 = 3.172 Sepia vestigial: 1/16 x x/93 = 5.813 (2-5.813)^2/(5.813) = 2.501 ∑= 8.563 Degrees of freedom: 3 .05 > p >.01 Reject the null hypothesis Table 6: AP Bio 2015 Group Data for Cross 3 F1 sex 1 2 total RED / NORMAL M 28 37 65 RED / NORMAL F 42 51 93 RED / VESTIGAL M 5 0 5 RED / VESTIGAL F 3 0 3 SEPIA / NORMAL M 2 11 13 SEPIA / NORMAL F 4 5 9 SEPIA / VESTIGAL M 0 0 0 SEPIA / VESTIGAL F 0 0 0 F2 sex 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 total RED / NORMAL M 7 14 29 30 16 18 21 26 16 7 10 194 RED / NORMAL F 21 18 44 34 16 22 36 30 16 11 6 254 RED / VESTIGAL M 4 3 8 11 4 9 3 0 8 6 11 67 RED / VESTIGAL F 7 8 9 9 3 16 7 0 41 4 16 120 SEPIA / NORMAL M 5 4 8 12 7